What climate type is identified by very cold temperatures and the presence of permafrost?

The identified climate type characterized by very cold temperatures and the presence of permafrost is the tundra. This biome is found in high-latitude regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, where the temperature remains low throughout the year.

Permafrost, which refers to permanently frozen ground, is a key feature of the tundra ecosystem. The tundra's short growing season and low nutrient availability result in limited vegetation, primarily consisting of mosses, lichens, low shrubs, and grasses. The cold temperatures not only contribute to the formation of permafrost but also create challenges for plant and animal life, which have adapted to survive in these harsh conditions.

In contrast, while boreal forests do experience cold temperatures, they are characterized by different ecological conditions and the absence of extensive permafrost. Dry midlatitude and ice sheet climates also have distinct characteristics, such as more pronounced seasonal temperature variations or extensive areas of permanent ice, differing fundamentally from the tundra's defining features.